100 Objects #13: The Sand Letters

This section introduces President Chester A. Arthur, highlighting his background as an abolitionist and his initial reputation as a pragmatic, uncorrupt politician who fought racial segregation through legal action. The narrative then shifts to his appointment as a key figure in the corrupt spoil system, notably as the collector of the port of New York, a position of immense power due to its role as a major revenue source. Arthur's image gradually changes as he becomes entangled with political corruption, specifically with the notorious boss Roscoe Conkling, illustrating the systemic rot in government employment practices of the era.

This section explores the widespread political corruption fostered by the spoil system, where government jobs were given based on loyalty rather than merit. It details the conflicts within the Republican Party between the reform-minded faction and stalwarts like Conkling, which culminated in the 1880 presidential election and Arthur’s vice presidency. Arthur’s accidental rise to the presidency following Garfield’s assassination emphasizes the era's political volatility and corruption, showcasing the dangers of an unprofessional, patronage-based government.

This theme centers on Julia Isabella Sand, a seemingly insignificant woman from New York who, through a series of compelling, playful letters, influences Arthur’s views on reform. Her correspondence encourages Arthur to pursue civil service reform, challenge corruption, and improve the government’s competency. Despite his background benefiting from the spoil system, Arthur's subsequent actions reflect her influence, including vetoing corrupt projects and signing the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, signaling a significant shift toward a merit-based government.

This section discusses how Julia Sand’s correspondence served as a moral compass for Arthur amid political chaos and personal illness. Her counsel, especially on civil service reform and ethical governance, seemingly guides his actions as president. The story underscores the impact of individual voices—especially those of overlooked, everyday Americans—in shaping national policy and reform, illustrating how a woman’s audacious hope and faith in moral integrity helped catalyze a foundational change in American government.

Here, the narrative explores the personal dimension of their relationship, including their eventual meeting and the probable romantic undertones. It highlights how Arthur’s illness and her persistent correspondence deepen their connection, with her letters providing sustained moral and political guidance. Her influence arguably helped him commit to reforms that defined his presidency, bridging personal devotion with national service and demonstrating the profound power of individual advocacy.